ABSTRACT Fifty-seven multiparous Awassi ewes in the breeding season were used to compare the effects of controlled internal drug release (CIDR) reuse on hormone profiles, reproductive performance, and economic production. Ewes were randomly allotted to one of three CIDR treatments: new (control), once-used, and twice-used; treatment lasted 12 days. Blood samples were collected from all groups at the time of CIDR insertion, three and six days following insertion, at withdrawal time, and at insemination. Serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) concentrations were measured. Timed insemination was performed 48 h post CIDR withdrawal in all groups. Pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography at day 23 post insemination. No significant differences were detected among groups in pregnancy rate/ewes in heat, twinning rate, fecundity, abortion rate, and prolificacy. However, estrus detection rate was significantly higher in control (100%) than in other groups. The P4 concentration was significantly higher in control than in other groups during treatment period; at insemination, P4 concentration was significantly higher in control than in other groups; at insemination time, E2 concentration was significantly higher in control than in the other groups; and the net profit was higher in once-used than in other groups. One-time reuse of CIDR for the long term (12 days) can synchronize estrus in ewes efficiently with higher net profit than the new or twice-used CIDR.

Abstract Quality of life drastically diminished after radiotherapy due to radiation induced oral complications. Fluoride was found to be helpful in decreasing the incidence of radiation caries; however it has not led to elimination of dental caries. Thus, new techniques containing low fluoride concentration or not containing fluoride at all, as laser irradiation, have been studied to prevent the beginning or progression of caries. So the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of laser surface treatment with or without fluoride on microhardness and ultrastructure of demineralized gamma irradiated enamel; Thirty enamel slabs were allocated into three groups (n=10): G slabs were subjected to gamma irradiation only; GL slabs were subjected to gamma irradiation followed by diode laser and GFL slabs were subjected to gamma irradiation followed by fluoride then diode laser. Slabs were then exposed to demineralizing solution for 72 hours. Examination of slabs was performed using vickers microhardness test and scanning electron microscope; The lowest microhardness was recorded in group G, while inGL and GFL groups it significantly increased. Scanning electron microscope revealed a pronounced loss of central prism core and retention of prism peripheries in group G. Confluence of prismatic and interprismatic structures in GL slabs and irregular rough surface with prismatic boundaries conservation in GFL slabs were detected. Applying laser improved the microhardness and counteracted the adverse effect of gamma radiation. Adding fluoride before laser irradiation had a marked effect on microhardness..

Abstract: This study aims to analyze the vocabulary of Arabic origin most frequently used in contemporary Spanish, introduced by way of translation. Translation will not be understood in the strict linguistic sense of translated books, but as any type of communication between two languages and cultures through several channels, in this case, the press. Hence, writers and press reporters become translators as they decide what and how to write. The analysis follows a mixed approach: linguistic-translational and sociocultural.

Resumen: Este estudio pretende analizar el vocabulario árabe más usado en el español actual, introducido por vía de la traducción, no en el sentido estrictamente lingüístico de libro traducido, sino en el de reescritura o comunicación entre dos lenguas y culturas, a través de varios conductos, en este caso la prensa. Los escritores, informadores y reporteros de prensa son, pues, los traductores, los que deciden qué y cómo escribir, entiéndase como traducir. El análisis tiene un enfoque mixto: lingüístico-traductológico y sociocultural.

Forced degradation studies of gliquidone were conducted under different stress conditions. Three degradates were observed upon using HPLC and TLC and elucidated by LC-MS and IR. HPLC method was performed on C18 column using methanol-water (85:15 v/v) pH 3.5 as a mobile phase with isocratic mode at 1 mL.min-1 and detection at 225 nm. HPLC analysis was applied in range of 0.5-20 µg.mL-1 (r =1) with limit of detection (LOD) 0.177 µg.mL-1. TLC method was based on the separation of gliquidone from degradation products on silica gel TLC F254 plates using chloroform-cyclohexane-glacial acetic acid (6:3:1v/v) as a developing system with relative retardation 1.15±0.01. Densitometric measurements were achieved in range of 2 -20 µg /band at 254 nm (r = 0.9999) with LOD of 0.26 µg /band. Least squares regression analysis was applied to provide mathematical estimates of the degree of linearity. The analysis revealed a linear calibration for HPLC where a binomial relationship for TLC. Stability testing and methods validation have been evaluated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Moreover, the proposed methods were applied for the analysis of tablets and the results obtained were statistically compared with those of pharmacopeial method revealing no significant difference about accuracy and precision.

OBJECTIVES: (i) To examine the role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of DNA damage in semen from infertile men. (ii) To assess the effects of smoking on apoptotic markers and seminal parameters among infertile men. (iii) To assess the correlation of apoptosis with conventional semen parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out on 70 men with idiopathic infertility, divided into two groups: thirty infertile non smokers and forty infertile smokers. In addition to 60 fertile men (30 non smokers and 30 smokers) as control group. Each subject provided semen for analysis of parameters, determination of % of DNA fragmentation, s-Fas, caspase-3 activity levels and cotinine levels. RESULTS: The results revealed that infertile men, particularly smokers have significantly lower semen variables and significantly higher levels of apoptotic variables (% of DNA fragmentation, s-Fas and caspase-3 activity) in addition to cotinine. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings provide additional evidence supporting the importance of the evaluation of apoptotic markers to test male infertility particularly among smokers.

OBJECTIVE: To report stillbirth and early neonatal mortality and to quantify the relative importance of different primary obstetric causes of perinatal mortality in 171 perinatal deaths from 7993 pregnancies that ended after 28 weeks in nulliparous women. METHODS: A review of all stillbirths and early newborn deaths reported in the WHO calcium supplementation trial for the prevention of pre-eclampsia conducted at seven WHO collaborating centres in Argentina, Egypt, India, Peru, South Africa and Viet Nam. We used the Baird-Pattinson system to assign primary obstetric causes of death and classified causes of early neonatal death using the International classification of diseases and related health problems, Tenth revision (ICD-10). FINDINGS: Stillbirth rate was 12.5 per 1000 births and early neonatal mortality rate was 9.0 per 1000 live births. Spontaneous preterm delivery and hypertensive disorders were the most common obstetric events leading to perinatal deaths (28.7% and 23.6%, respectively). Prematurity was the main cause of early neonatal deaths (62%). CONCLUSIONS: Advancements in the care of premature infants and prevention of spontaneous preterm labour and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy could lead to a substantial decrease in perinatal mortality in hospital settings in developing countries.

OBJETIVO: Informar sobre la mortinatalidad y la mortalidad neonatal precoz y cuantificar la importancia relativa de diferentes causas obstétricas primarias de mortalidad perinatal en 171 defunciones perinatales correspondientes a 7993 embarazos de más de 28 semanas en mujeres nulíparas. MÉTODOS: Se examinaron todos los casos de mortinatalidad y defunción precoz de recién nacidos notificados en un ensayo OMS de administración de suplementos de calcio para la prevención de la preeclampsia, llevado a cabo en siete centros colaboradores de la OMS en la Argentina, Egipto, la India, el Perú, Sudáfrica y Viet Nam. Usamos el sistema de Baird-Pattinson para asignar causas obstétricas primarias de muerte y causas clasificadas de mortalidad neonatal precoz mediante la Clasificación Estadística Internacional de Enfermedades y Problemas de Salud Conexos, décima revisión (CIE-10). RESULTADOS: La tasa de mortinatalidad fue del 12,5 por 1000 nacimientos, y la tasa de mortalidad neonatal precoz, de 9,0 por 1000 nacidos vivos. El parto pretérmino espontáneo y los trastornos hipertensivos fueron los casos obstétricos más comunes asociados a las defunciones perinatales (28,7% y 23,6%, respectivamente). La prematuridad fue la causa principal de las defunciones neonatales precoces (62%). CONCLUSIONES: Los progresos de la atención a los lactantes prematuros y la prevención del parto pretérmino espontáneo y de los trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo podrían propiciar una disminución sustancial de la mortalidad perinatal en los entornos hospitalarios en los países en desarrollo.

OBJECTIF: Faire état de la mortinatalité et de la mortalité néonatale précoce et quantifier l'importance relative des principales causes obstétricales de mortalité périnatale observées pour 171 décès périnatals liés à 7993 grossesses interrompues après la 28ème semaine chez des femmes nullipares. MÉTHODES: L'examen a porté sur tous les cas de mortinatalité et décès néonatals précoces signalés dans l'essai OMS de supplémentation calcique pour la prévention de la prééclampsie mené dans sept centres collaborateurs situés en Afrique du Sud, en Argentine, en Egypte, en Inde, au Pérou et au Vietnam. On a utilisé le système de Baird-Pattinson pour attribuer les principales causes obstétricales de décès et classé les causes des décès néonatals précoces sur la base de la Classification internationale des maladies et des problèmes de santé connexes, dixième révision (CIM 10). RÉSULTATS: Le taux de mortinatalité est de 12,5 pour 1000 naissances et le taux de mortalité néonatale précoce de 9,0 pour 1000 naissances vivantes. L'accouchement prématuré spontané et l'hypertension gravidique sont les problèmes obstétricaux les plus fréquemment à l'origine d'un décès périnatal (respectivement 28,7% et 23,6 %). La prématurité est la principale cause de décès néonatal précoce (62 %). CONCLUSION: Des progrès dans les soins aux prématurés et la prévention du travail prématuré spontané et de l'hypertension gravidique permettraient d'obtenir une diminution sensible de la mortalité périnatale en milieu hospitalier dans les pays en développement.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the contraceptive effectiveness of condoms versus oral contraceptive pills and estimate the reproductive consequences of a major shift from pill to condom use. METHODS: Secondary analysis was performed on nationally representative cross-sectional surveys of women in 16 developing countries. FINDINGS: In the 16 countries, the median per cent of married couples currently using condoms was 2%, compared with 13% for the pill. Condom users reported a higher 12-month failure and higher method-related discontinuation rates than pill users (9% and 44% vs 6% and 30%, respectively). Condom users were more likely to report subsequent abortion following failure (21% vs 14%), and also more likely to switch rapidly to another method (76% vs 58%). The reproductive consequences, in terms of abortion and unwanted births, of a hypothetical reversal of the relative prevalence of condom and pill were estimated to be minor. The main reason for this unexpected result is that the majority of abortions and unwanted births arise from non-use of any contraceptive method. CONCLUSION: A massive shift from the more effective oral contraceptive pills to the less effective condom would not jeopardize policy goals of reducing abortions and unwanted births. However, such a shift would potentially have an added benefit of preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, especially in countries with generalized HIV epidemics.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia del preservativo en comparación con los anticonceptivos orales y estimar las consecuencias reproductivas de una sustitución masiva de la píldora por el preservativo. MÉTODOS: Se ha realizado un análisis secundario sobre encuestas transversales nacionalmente representativas de mujeres en 16 países en desarrollo. RESULTADOS: En los 16 países estudiados, el porcentaje mediano de parejas casadas que usaban a la sazón el preservativo era del 2%, frente a un 13% para la píldora. Las usuarias de preservativos refirieron mayores índices de fracaso en 12 meses y mayores tasas de interrupción relacionadas con el método que las usuarias de la píldora (9% y 44%, frente a 6% y 30%, respectivamente). Entre las usuarias de preservativos se dio con más frecuencia el recurso al aborto en caso de fracaso del método (21% frente a 14%), así como la decisión de cambiar rápidamente de método (76% frente a 58%). Se estimó que las consecuencias reproductivas, en términos de abortos y nacimientos no deseados, de una hipotética inversión de la prevalencia relativa del preservativo y la píldora serían escasas. La razón principal de este resultado inesperado es que la mayoría de los abortos y los nacimientos no deseados se deben a que no se ha utilizado ningún método anticonceptivo. CONCLUSIÓN: Un desplazamiento masivo de la píldora anticonceptiva oral, más eficaz, al condón, menos eficaz, no pondría en peligro las metas de política de reducir los abortos y los nacimientos no deseados. Sin embargo, dicho cambio puede conllevar como beneficio añadido la prevención de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), especialmente en los países con epidemia generalizada de VIH.

OBJECTIF: Evaluer l'efficacité contraceptive du préservatif par rapport à la pilule et déterminer les conséquences qu'aurait sur le plan génésique l'abandon généralisé de la pilule au profit du préservatif. MÉTHODES: On a procédé à l'analyse secondaire d'enquêtes transversales nationalement représentatives faites parmi des femmes de 16 pays en développement. RÉSULTATS: Dans les 16 pays, le pourcentage médian de couples mariés qui utilisent le préservatif était de 2 %, contre 13 % pour la pilule. Les couples utilisant le préservatif ont signalé un taux d'échec plus élevé sur 12 mois et un taux d'arrêt de la méthode plus élevé que ceux qui utilisaient la pilule (9 % et 44 % contre 6 % et 30 %, respectivement). Chez les couples qui utilisaient le préservatif, la probabilité d'un avortement après un échec contraceptif était plus forte (21 % contre 14 %), de même que la probabilité du passage rapide à une autre méthode (76 % contre 58 %). Dans l'hypothèse d'un inversement de la prévalence relative du préservatif et de la pilule, les conséquences sur le plan génésique, qu'il s'agisse d'avortements ou de grossesses non désirées, ont été jugées mineures. Ce résultat inattendu s'explique essentiellement par le fait que la majorité des avortements et des grossesses non désirées résulte de la non-utilisation d'une méthode contraceptive, quelle qu'elle soit. CONCLUSION: L'abandon généralisé de la pilule contraceptive, très efficace, au profit du préservatif, qui l'est moins, ne compromettrait pas les buts fixés en matière de réduction des avortements et des grossesses non désirées. Cependant, une telle évolution pourrait avoir pour avantage supplémentaire de prévenir les cas d'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH), particulièrement dans les pays où l'infection à VIH a pris des proportions épidémiques.